Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 - June 8, 1845) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Prior to his election, Jackson gained fame as a general in the American Army United and served in both houses of Congress. As president, Jackson sought to advance the rights of "ordinary people" against "corrupt aristocracy" and defend Unity.
Born in colonial Carolinas to a Scottish-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a border lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He worked briefly in the US House and the US Senate represented Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a judge in the Tennessee High Court from 1798 to 1804. Jackson bought the property which became known as the Hermitage, and became a wealthy slave-grower. In 1801, he was appointed as a Tennessee militia colonel and was elected commander the following year. He led troops during the 1813-1814 Creek War, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. Subsequent agreements from Fort Jackson require that Creek surrender from the vast lands in Alabama and Georgia now. In a concurrent war against England, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led US troops in the First Seminole War, which led to the Florida annexation of Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in 1824, winning a number of popular and electoral votes. Since no candidate won a majority, the House voted for John Quincy Adams in contingent elections. In reaction to the alleged "corrupt bid" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters established the Democratic Party.
Jackson ran again in 1828, defeating Adams in a landslide. Jackson faces a threat of secession by South Carolina over what it calls the "Abomination Rate" fighter. The crisis was tamed when tariffs were changed, and Jackson threatened the use of military force if South Carolina attempted to escape. In Congress, Henry Clay leads the re-authorization efforts of the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, regarding the Bank as a corrupt institution, vetoed its charter reform. After a long struggle, Jackson and his allies completely dismantled the Bank. In 1835, Jackson became the only president who actually repaid the national debt, fulfilling the long-term goal. His presidency marks the beginning of the party power of "the spoils system" in American politics. In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act, forcibly removing most of the American Indians in the South into the Indian Territory. The relocation process seized the Indians and resulted in widespread death and disease. Jackson opposed the abolitionist movement, which grew stronger in his second term. In foreign affairs, the Jackson administration terminated the "most favored state" treaty with Great Britain, settling damage claims against France from the Napoleonic Wars, and recognizing the Republic of Texas. In January 1835, he survived the first assassination attempt on the sitting president.
In his retirement, Jackson remained active in Democratic Party politics, supporting the presidency of Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk. Despite fearing its impact on slavery enslavement, Jackson advocated Texas annexation, which was reached shortly before his death. Jackson is widely respected in the United States as a supporter of democracy and ordinary people, but his reputation has declined since the civil rights movement, largely due to his role in the abolition and support of India for slavery. Survey historians and scholars have rated Jackson positive among US presidents.
Video Andrew Jackson
Early life and education
Andrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767, in the Waxhaw region of Carolina. His parents were Scottish-Scottish colonies Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson, Presbyterians who immigrated from Northern Ireland today two years earlier. Jackson's father was born in Carrickfergus, County Antrim, in Northern Ireland, around 1738. Jackson's parents lived in the village of Boney before this, also in County Antrim. His father's line was from Killingswold Grove, Yorkshire, England.
When they immigrated to North America in 1765, Jackson's parents might land in Philadelphia. Most likely they travel overland through the Appalachian Mountains to the Scottish-Irish community in Waxhaw, crossing the border between North and South Carolina. They brought two children from Ireland, Hugh (born 1763) and Robert (born 1764). Jackson's father died in a logging accident while clearing the land in February 1767 at the age of 29, three weeks before his son Andrew was born. Jackson, his mother, and his siblings lived with Jackson's aunt and uncle in the Waxhaw area, and Jackson received a school from two nearby priests.
Jackson's exact birthplace is unclear because of his lack of knowledge about his mother's actions immediately after her husband's funeral. The area is so remote that the border between North and South Carolina has not been officially surveyed. In 1824 Jackson wrote a letter saying that he was born on the estate of his uncle James Crawford in Lancaster County, South Carolina. Jackson may claim to be Southern Carolinian because the country is considering canceling the Tariff of 1824, which he opposed. In the mid-1850s, second-hand evidence indicated that he might be born at a different uncle's house in North Carolina. As a young boy, Jackson is easily offended and considered a bully. He was, however, said to have taken a group of younger and weaker boys under his wing and was very kind to them.
Maps Andrew Jackson
Revolutionary War Service
During the Revolutionary War, the oldest brother Jackson, Hugh, died from exhaustion due to the war after the Battle of Stono Ferry on June 20, 1779. Anti-British sentiment increased after Waxhaw brutal massacre on May 29, 1780. Mrs. Jackson pushed and elder brother Robert to attend local militia drills. Soon, they began to help the militia as couriers. They serve under Colonel William Richardson Davie Battle of Hanging Rock on Aug. 6. Andrew and Robert was captured by the British in 1781 while living in the family home Crawford. When Andrew refused to clean boots a British officer, the officer cut the young man with a sword, leaving scars on the hands and head, as well as a strong hatred towards Britain. Robert also refused to do as he was told and beaten with the sword. Both brothers were being held as prisoners, suffering from smallpox, and nearly starved to death in captivity.
Later that year, their mother, Elizabeth, guarantees the release of her brothers. He then began walking back to their home together in Waxhaw, which is about 40 miles (64 km). Both are in very poor health condition. Robert, much worse, rode the only horse they had, while Andrew walked behind them. In the last two hours of the journey, heavy rain began to deteriorate due to smallpox. Within two days of arriving home, Robert is dead and Andrew is in mortal danger. After treating Andrew back healthy, Elizabeth volunteered to take care of American prisoners of war on board the two English ships in the port of Charleston, where cholera outbreaks had occurred. In November, he died of the disease and was buried in an unmarked grave. Andrew became orphaned at the age of 14. He blamed Britain personally for the loss of his siblings and his mother.
Initial career
Career and legal marriage
After the Revolutionary War, Jackson received sporadic education at a local Waxhaw school. In bad condition with most of her extended family, she rides with several different people. In 1781, he worked for time as a saddle maker, and eventually taught at school. He seems to prosper in the profession. In 1784, he left the Waxhaw area for Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law under Spruce Macay's legal counsel. With the help of various lawyers, he can learn enough to qualify for a bar. In September 1787, Jackson was accepted at the North Carolina bar. Shortly thereafter, a friend helped Jackson to an empty prosecutor position in the Western District of North Carolina, which would later become the state of Tennessee. During his journey west, Jackson bought his first slave and in 1788, offended by fellow lawyer Waightstill Avery, fought his first duel. The duel ended with the two men firing into the air, having made a secret agreement to do so before the engagement.
Jackson moved to the small border town of Nashville in 1788, where he lived as a dormitory with Rachel Stockly Donelson, John Donelson's widow. Here Jackson gets to know their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. At that time, the younger Rachel was in an unhappy marriage to Captain Lewis Robards; he became the target of jealousy. The two were separated in 1790. According to Jackson, he married Rachel after hearing that Robards had divorced. Her divorce has not been finalized, making Rachel's marriage to Jackson bigamous and therefore illegitimate. After the formal divorce was over, Rachel and Jackson remarried in 1794. To complicate the matter further, the evidence indicates that Rachel has lived with Jackson and calls herself as Mrs Jackson before the divorce petition ever made. It is not uncommon at the border for relationships to be established and unofficially disbanded, as long as they are recognized by the public.
Ground speculation and an early public career
In 1794, Jackson entered into a partnership with fellow lawyer John Overton, dealing with claims for land under contractual agreements for Cherokee and Chickasaw. Like many of their contemporaries, they dealt with such claims even though the land was in an Indian state. Most transactions involve grants made under the 1783 'land grab' action which briefly opens Indian land west of the Appalachian in North Carolina to claim by the inhabitants of that state. He was one of three original investors who founded Memphis, Tennessee, in 1819.
After moving to Nashville, Jackson became a protege of William Blount, a friend of Donelsons and one of the most powerful men in the region. Jackson became the attorney general in 1791, and he won the election as a delegate to the Tennessee constitutional convention in 1796. When Tennessee reached statehood that year, he was elected the only US Representative. He is a member of the Democratic Party-Republic, the dominant party in Tennessee. Jackson was soon linked to a more radical, pro-French, and anti-British wing. He strongly opposed the Jay Treaty and criticized George Washington for allegedly removing the Republican from public office. Jackson joined several other Republican congressmen in a vote against a resolution of thanks for Washington, a vote that would later haunt him when he sought the president. In 1797, the state legislature elected him as US Senator. Jackson rarely participated in the debate and found his work unsatisfactory. He said he was "disgusted with the administration" of President John Adams and resigned the following year without explanation. Upon returning home, with strong support from western Tennessee, he was elected to serve as a Tennessee Supreme Court judge with a $ 600 annual salary. Jackson's service as a judge was generally seen as a success and earned him a reputation for honesty and sound decision making. Jackson resigned from the post of judge in 1804. His official reason for resigning was poor health. He has suffered financially from a bad ground effort, and therefore it is also possible that he wants to return to full time for his business interests.
After arriving in Tennessee, Jackson won the appointment of a judge supporting the Tennessee militia. In 1802, while serving in Tennessee Supreme Court, he announced his candidacy for the major general, or commander, of the Tennessee militia, a position chosen by officers. At that time, most of the free were militia members. Organizations, meant to be called in cases of conflict with Europeans or Indians, resemble large social clubs. Jackson saw it as a way to improve his stature. With strong backing from western Tennessee, he is tied with John Sevier with 17 votes. Sevier is a popular veteran of the Revolutionary War and a former governor, a recognized political leader in east Tennessee. On February 5, Governor Archibald Roane broke with Jackson. Jackson also presented Roane with evidence of land fraud against Sevier. Subsequently, in 1803, when Sevier announced his intention to regain the governor, Roane released the proof. Sevier insulted Jackson in public, and the two almost quarreled about it. Despite allegations made against Sevier, he defeated Roane, and continued serving as governor until 1809.
Embedding careers and controversy
In addition to his legal and political career, Jackson prospered as a grower, slave owner, and trader. He built the first public house and store in Gallatin, Tennessee, in 1803. The following year, he acquired Hermitage, a 640 acre (259 ha) estate in Davidson County, near Nashville. He then added 360 hectares (146 hectares) to the plantation, which eventually reached 1,050 hectares (425 ha). The main crop is cotton, planted by slaves - Jackson starts with nine, owned by 44 by 1820, and then up to 150, puts him among the planting elite. Jackson is also owned along with his son Andrew Jackson Jr. Halcyon plantation in Coahoma County, Mississippi, which housed 51 slaves at the time of his death. Throughout his life Jackson may have had as many as 300 slaves.
Men, women, and child slaves are owned by Jackson in three parts of the Hermitage plantation. Slaves live in large family units between five and ten people and lined up in a 20 square foot cabin (1.9 m 2 ) made of brick or logs. The size and quality of the Hermitage slave settlements exceeds the standard of its time. To help slaves get food, Jackson supplies them with guns, knives, and fishing gear. Sometimes he pays his slaves with money and coins to trade in the local market. Hermitage Plantation is a profit-making company. Jackson allows the slave to be whipped to increase productivity or if he believes his slave's offense is quite severe. On various occasions he advertised for fugitive slaves who had fled from his plantation. In one ad placed in the Tennessee Gazette in October 1804, Jackson offered "an extra ten dollars, for every hundred lashes a person would give, with three hundred."
The controversy surrounding her marriage to Rachel remains a painful thing for Jackson, who hates attacks on his wife's honor. In May 1806, Charles Dickinson, who, like Jackson, rode a horse, had published an attack on Jackson in a local newspaper, and it produced a written challenge from Jackson to duel. Because Dickinson was considered a shooting expert, Jackson decided it would be better to let Dickinson turn around and shoot first, hoping his goal could be spoiled at his pace; Jackson will wait and aim for Dickinson carefully. Dickinson did the first shot, hitting Jackson in the chest. The bullet that hit Jackson was so close to his heart that it could not be erased. Under the rules of the duel, Dickinson must remain silent when Jackson shoots and fires and kills him. Jackson's behavior in the duel made men angry in Tennessee, calling it a brutal, cold-blooded murder, and burdening Jackson with a reputation for being harsh and vengeful. He became a social outcast.
After Sevier's affair and duel, Jackson looks for ways to save his reputation. He chose to align himself with former Vice President Aaron Burr, who after leaving his post in 1805 went on a tour of the western United States. Burr was very well received by people from Tennessee, and stayed for five days at the Hermitage. The real intention of Burr is not known with certainty. He seems to have been planning a military operation to conquer Spanish Florida and expel Spain from Texas. For many Westerners like Jackson, the promise looks alluring. West American settlers have long had bitter feelings towards Spain due to territorial disputes and the continuing failures of Spain to keep the Indians living in their land from robbing American settlements. On October 4, 1806, Jackson addressed the Tennessee militia, stating that the men had to "at the time of commemoration ready to march." On the same day, he wrote to James Winchester, stating that the United States "can conquer not only Floridas [at that time there was East Florida and West Florida.], But all of Spain is North America." He continues:
I have a hope (Should they be called) that at least two thousand Volunteers can lead to the field with short notice - The amounts ordered by company officers and people from companies - I think to see Santafee and Maxico - Giving freedom and trade to the provinces- the province and build peace, and a permanent barrier against the attacks and attacks of the great powers in our interior - which will occur as long as Spain takes control of the great country on our borders.
Jackson agreed to provide ships and other provisions for the expedition. However, on November 10, he learned from a military captain that Burr's plans seem to include the seizure of New Orleans, which later became part of the Louisiana Territory in the United States, and included it, along with the land won from Spain, into a new empire. She gets angrier when she finds out from the same person about Brig. Gen. James Wilkinson's involvement, which she does not like, in the plan. Jackson acted cautiously at first, but wrote letters to public officials, including President Thomas Jefferson, vaguely warning them of the scheme. In December, Jefferson, Burr's political opponent, issued a proclamation stating that a betrayal plan was underway in the West and called for the arrest of the perpetrators. Jackson, safe from arrest because of his extensive footprint, set the militia. Burr was immediately arrested, and the men were discharged. Jackson went to Richmond, Virginia, to testify on behalf of Burr in court. The defense team decided not to place him in the witness chair, afraid his statement was too provocative. Burr was released from treason charges, though Jefferson had punished him. Jackson supported James Monroe to become president in 1808 against James Madison. The latter is part of Jefferson's wing of the Democratic-Republican Party.
Military career
War of 1812
Campaigns and Creek agreements
Leading until 1812, the United States found itself increasingly immersed in international conflict. Formal animosities with Spain or France never materialized, but tensions with Britain increased for a number of reasons. Among them is the desire of many Americans to get more land, especially Canadian English and Florida, the latter still controlled by Spain, the European ally of England. On 18 June 1812, the Congress formally declared war on the United Kingdom and Ireland, beginning the War of 1812. Jackson responded with enthusiasm, sending a letter to Washington offering 2,500 volunteers. However, the men had not been called for months. Biographer Robert V. Remini claims that Jackson saw little in return by the Madison administration for its support of Burr and Monroe. Meanwhile, the US military repeatedly suffered a devastating defeat on the battlefield.
On January 10, 1813, Jackson led a force of 2,071 volunteers to New Orleans to defend the territory against British and Native American attacks. He has been ordered to serve under General Wilkinson, who heads the Federal forces in New Orleans. Since there were no sufficient conditions, Wilkinson ordered Jackson to stop at Natchez, then part of the Mississippi Territory, and awaited further orders. Jackson is reluctant to comply. The newly appointed Secretary of War, John Armstrong Jr., sent a letter to Jackson dated February 6, ordering him to dismiss his troops and surrender his supplies to Wilkinson. Answering Armstrong on March 15, Jackson defended the character and readiness of his men, and promised to hand over his supply. He also promised, instead of firing unregulated forces in Natchez, to bring them back to Nashville. The parade was full of suffering. Many of the men got sick. Jackson and his officers handed over their horses to the sick. He paid the supplies for the people who came out of his own pocket. The soldiers began to call their commander a "Hickory" because of his toughness, and Jackson was known as "Old Hickory." The army arrived in Nashville in about a month. Jackson's actions earned him widespread respect and praise from the people of Tennessee. Jackson faced financial ruin, until his former assistant, Thomas Benton, persuaded Secretary Armstrong to order soldiers to pay the expenses Jackson had incurred. On June 14, Jackson served as the second duel on behalf of his junior officer, William Carroll, against Jesse Benton, Thomas's brother. In September, Jackson and his top cavalry officer, Brigadier General John Coffee, were involved in street fights with the Benton brothers. Jackson was badly wounded by Jesse with a shot to the shoulder.
On August 30, 1813, a group of Muscogees (also known as Indian Creek) was called the Red Stick, so named because of the color of their war paint, the Fort Mims massacre. During the massacre, hundreds of white American settlers and Non-Red Stick Creeks were massacred. The Red Stick, led by Red Eagle leaders and Peter McQueen, has broken away from members of Confederate Creek, who wants peace with the United States. They allied with Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who had launched Tecumseh War against the United States, and who fought alongside the British. The resulting conflict became known as the War of the Creek.
Jackson, with 2,500 people, was ordered to quell the hostile Indians. On October 10, he started the expedition, his arm still in a sling for fighting Benton. Jackson founded Fort Strother as a supply base. On November 3, Coffee defeated a group of Red Sticks at the Battle of Tallushatchee. Coming to the help of the children of the friendly River who was besieged by the Red Wand, Jackson won another decisive victory at the Battle of Talladega. In the winter, Jackson, camped at Strother Castle, faces a severe troop shortage due to the end of registration and chronic desertion. He sent Coffee with the cavalry (who abandoned him) back to Tennessee to get more registration. Jackson decided to merge his forces with Georgian militia forces, and marched to meet Georgian troops. From January 22-24, 1814, while on their way, Tennessee militia and allied Muscogees were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battle of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek. Jackson's forces drove out the attackers, but outnumbered, forced to retreat to Fort Strother. Jackson, now with more than 2,000 soldiers, drove most of his troops south to face the Red Wand in a fortress they built on a bend in the Tallapoosa River. On March 27, enjoying a gain of more than 2 to 1, he involves them in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The early artillery attacks did not destroy much of the well-built fortresses. The subsequent Infantry allegations, in addition to attacks by cavalry and the transfer of coffee caused by the friendly Creed River, left the Red Stick overwhelmed.
The campaign ended three weeks later with the Red Eagle surrender, although some Red Sticks like McQueen fled to East Florida. On June 8, Jackson received a commission as a brigadier general in the United States Army, and 10 days later became a great general, under the command of the Seventh Military Division. Furthermore, Jackson, with the approval of Madison, enforces the Fort Jackson Agreement. The agreement requires Muscogee, including those who do not join the Red Wand, to hand over 23 million acres (8,093,713 ha) of land to the United States. Most of the people of the Imperial River are very dissatisfied. Despite being unwell due to dysentery, Jackson turned his attention to defeating the Spanish and British troops. Jackson accused Spain of arming the Red Wand and violating their neutrality provisions by allowing British troops into Floridas. The first charges are true, while the latter ignores the fact that it is Jackson's threat to attack Florida that has led them to seek British protection. In the Battle of Pensacola 7 November, Jackson defeated British and Spanish troops in a small battle. Spain surrendered and Britain fled. A few weeks later, he learned that Britain was planning an assault in New Orleans, which is at the mouth of the Mississippi River and has enormous strategic and commercial value. Jackson left Pensacola to Spain, deploying troops in Mobile, Alabama to guard the possibility of an invasion there, and rushing the rest of his troops westward to defend the city.
The Creeks triggered their own name for Jackson, Jacksa Chula Harjo or "Jackson, old and fierce."
Battle of New Orleans
Upon arriving in New Orleans on 1 December 1814, Jackson instituted martial law in the city, as he worried about the loyalties of the townspeople of Creole and Spain. At the same time, he formed an alliance with smugglers Jean Lafitte, and formed a military unit consisting of African-Americans and Muscogees, as well as recruiting volunteers in the city. Jackson received some criticism for paying white and non-white volunteers with the same salary. These troops, along with US troops and volunteers from surrounding countries, joined forces with Jackson in defending New Orleans. The approaching British troops, led by Admiral Alexander Cochrane and then General Edward Pakenham, consisted of over 10,000 soldiers, many of whom had served in the Napoleonic Wars. Jackson has only about 5,000 men, most of them inexperienced and poorly trained.
The English arrive on the eastern edge of the Mississippi River on the morning of December 23. That night, Jackson attacked the UK and drove them back. On January 8, 1815, the British launched a major frontal attack on Jackson's defense. An early artillery attack by the British did not damage much of the well-built American defense. Once the morning fog has disappeared, the British launch a frontal assault, and their troops make easy targets for Americans protected by their barriers. Although managing to temporarily push back the American right wing, the whole attack ended in disaster. For the battle on January 8, Jackson admitted only 71 total casualties. Of these, 13 people were killed, 39 were wounded, and 19 were missing or captured. Britain admitted 2,037 casualties. Of these, 291 people were killed (including Pakenham), 1,262 were wounded, and 484 were missing or captured. After the battle, the British withdrew from the area, and the open hostilities ended shortly afterwards when word spread that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed in Europe in December. Coming in times of waning war, Jackson's victory made him a national hero, as the country celebrated the end of the so-called "Second American Revolution" against England. With the resolution of Congress on February 27, 1815, Jackson was granted the Congress Thanks and awarded the Congressional Gold Medal.
Alexis de Tocqueville ("underwhelmed" by Jackson according to a 2001 commentator) later wrote in Democracy in America that Jackson "was appointed to the Presidency, and has been preserved there, solely by the memory of his victory, twenty years ago, under the walls of New Orleans. "
Emergency law enforced in New Orleans
Jackson, still unaware of the signing of the agreement, refused to enact an emergency law in the city. In March 1815, after US District Court Judge Dominic A. Hall signed a habeas corpus order on behalf of a Louisiana legislator whom Jackson had arrested, Jackson ordered the arrest of Hall. State Senator Louis Louaillier has written an anonymous piece in the New Orleans newspaper, challenging Jackson's refusal to free the militia after Britain handed over the battlefield. He was also imprisoned. Jackson did not recall his campaign to suppress dissent until after ordering the arrest of a Louisiana legislator, a federal judge, and a lawyer, and after the intervention of State Judge Joshua Lewis. Lewis simultaneously served under Jackson in the militia, and also signed a habeas corpus order against Jackson, his commander, seeking Judge Hall's release.
The civil authority in New Orleans had reason to fear Jackson - he briefly ordered the execution of six militia members who had attempted to leave. Their deaths were not published well until the Handbills Casket was circulated during his 1828 presidential campaign.
First Seminole War
After the war, Jackson remained in command of the Army troops on the southern border of the United States. He's doing an official business from the Hermitage. He signed an agreement with Cherokee and Chickasaw that was acquired for the large United States of Tennessee and Kentucky. The deal with Chickasaw, finally approved for later in the year, is commonly known as the Jackson Purchase.
Some Native American tribes, known as Seminole, straddle the border between the US and Florida. The Seminole, allied to escaped slaves, often raided Georgian settlements before returning to Florida. This battle is on the rise, and the conflict is now known as First Seminole War. In 1816, Jackson led a detachment to Florida that destroyed the Negro Fortress, an escaped slave community and their descendants. Jackson was ordered by President Monroe in December 1817 to lead a campaign in Georgia against the Indians Seminole and Creek. Jackson was also accused of preventing Florida Florida from becoming a sanctuary for escaped slaves, after Spain promised freedom to slave buron. Critics then suspect that Jackson exceeded the order in his actions in Florida. Her order from President Monroe was to "end the conflict." Jackson believes the best way to do this is to seize Florida from Spain once and for all. Before leaving, Jackson wrote to Monroe, "Let it signify to me through any channel... that Floridas's ownership will be desirable to the United States, and within sixty days it will be done."
Jackson invaded Florida on March 15, 1818, capturing Pensacola. He destroys Seminole and Spanish resistance in the area and captures two British agents, Robert Ambrister and Alexander Arbuthnot, who have worked with Seminole. After a brief trial, Jackson executes the two men, causing a diplomatic incident with Britain. Jackson's actions polarized Monroe's cabinet, some of whom argued that Jackson had violated Monroe's orders and violated the Constitution, because the United States did not declare war on Spain. But Jackson was defended by Foreign Minister John Quincy Adams. Adams thought that Jackson's conquest of Florida would force Spain to eventually sell the province, and Spain did sell Florida to the United States in the Adams-OnÃÆ's Treaty of 1819. A congressional investigation freed Jackson, but Jackson was furious with his criticism. accepted, especially from Henry Clay's House Speaker. After the ratification of the Adams-Ons Agreement in 1821, Jackson briefly served as Florida's territorial governor before returning to Tennessee.
Presidential aspirations
Selection year 1824
In the spring of 1822, Jackson suffered a physical disorder. His body has two bullets lodged in it, and he has been exhausted from a harsh military campaign for many years. He regularly coughs up blood, and his whole body shakes. Jackson is afraid that he is on the verge of death. After several months of rest, he recovered. During his recovery, Jackson's mind is increasingly turning to national affairs. He is obsessed with rampant corruption in the Monroe administration and grows to hate the Second Bank of the United States, blaming him for causing Panic in 1819 by contracting credit.
Jackson rejected an offer to run for state governor, but accepted John Overton's plan to ask the legislature to nominate him as president. On July 22, 1822, he was formally nominated by the Tennessee legislature. Jackson came to dislike Finance Minister William H. Crawford, who became Jackson's most vocal critic in Monroe's cabinet, and he hopes to prevent Tennessee voters from going to Crawford. But Jackson's nomination garnered a friendly response even outside Tennessee, as many Americans value Jackson's attack on the bank. The 1819 panic had destroyed the fate of many people, and the banks and politicians who were seen as supporting the banks were very unpopular. With his growing political feasibility, Jackson emerged as one of the five main presidential candidates, along with Crawford, Adams, Clay, and War Secretary John C. Calhoun. During the Era of Good Feeling, the Federalist Party has faded, and all five presidential candidates are members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jackson's campaign promotes him as an advocate of ordinary people, as well as one candidate who can rise above the division of sections. On the main issues of the day, the most prominent is the tariff, Jackson expressed centric confidence, and the opponents accused him of obscuring his position. At the frontline of Jackson's campaign is fighting corruption. Jackson promised to restore honesty in government and to reduce its advantages.
In 1823, Jackson reluctantly allowed his name to be placed in contention for one of the Tennessee Senate seats. The move is independently governed by his advisers William Berkeley Lewis and US Senator John Eaton to defeat the John Williams crew, who publicly opposes his candidacy for president. The legislature narrowly selects it. His return, after 24 years, 11 months, 3 days outside the office, marks the second longest slot in service to the room in history. Although Jackson was reluctant to serve once again in the Senate, he was appointed chair of the Military Affairs Committee. Eaton writes to Rachel that Jackson as a senator is "in harmony and good understanding with every body," including Thomas Hart Benton, now a senator from Missouri, with whom Jackson has fought in 1813. Meanwhile, Jackson himself did a bit of a campaign active for presidency, as is habit. Eaton updated the biography he had written about him in preparation for the campaign and, along with others, wrote letters to newspapers praising Jackson's notes and past behavior.
Democratic presidential nominees have historically been elected by nominated congressional nominations of Congress, but this method has become unpopular. In 1824, most Democratic Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucuses. Those in attendance supported Crawford to become president and Albert Gallatin for vice president. A Pennsylvania Convention nominated Jackson for the presidency a month later, stating that the irregular caucuses ignore the "popular voice" and is "a futile hope that the American people may be deceived by the belief that he [Crawford] is a regular democracy. Gallatin criticized Jackson as "an honest person and an idol of the worshipers of military glory, but from incompetence, military habits, and customs of disregarding constitutional laws and regulations, is not at all suitable for offices." After Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun stepped out of the presidential race and managed to find a vice president instead.
In the presidential election, Jackson won a number of electoral votes, taking several southern and western states as well as the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He is the only candidate to win the country outside of his regional base, as Adams dominates New England, Clay takes three western states, and Crawford wins Virginia and Georgia. Jackson won a number of popular voices, taking 42 percent, though not all states held popular votes for the presidency. He won 99 electoral votes, more than any other candidate, but still a shortfall of 131, which he needed for the real majority. Without a candidate winning a majority of the elections, the House of Representatives holds a contingent election under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment. The amendment stipulates that only the top three electoral winners are eligible to be elected by Parliament, so Clay is eliminated from the dispute. Jackson believed that he would likely win this contingent election, because Crawford and Adams had no Jackson's national appeal, and Crawford suffered a debilitating stroke that left many doubting his physical fitness for the presidency. Clay, who as House Speaker leads the election, sees Jackson as a dangerous demagogue that may overthrow the republic to support his own leadership. He threw his support behind Adams, who shared Clay's support for federal government-funded internal improvements such as roads and canals. With Clay's support, Adams won contingent elections on the first vote. Angry supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having reached a "corrupt offer" after Adams appointed Clay as his Foreign Minister. "So you understand," Jackson growled, "Judas of the West has closed the contract and received thirty pieces of silver. [H] will eventually be the same." After the election, Jackson withdrew from the Senate seat and returned to Tennessee.
The election of 1828 and the death of Rachel Jackson
Almost immediately, disagreements arose in the Adams presidency. Jackson opposed Adams's plan to involve the United States in Panama's effort for independence, writing, "When we engage in confederation, or communion with any nation, we may from then on have fallen into the fall of our republic." Adams also ruined his position in his first annual message to Congress, when he declared that Congress should not give the impression to the world "that we are overwhelmed by the will of our constituents."
Jackson was nominated president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. It was the earliest nomination in presidential history, and it proves the fact that Jackson's supporters started the 1828 campaign as soon as the 1824 campaign ended. Adams's presidency is floundering, because his ambitious agenda is facing defeat in a new era of mass politics. Critics led by Jackson attacked Adams's policies as an extension of the dangerous Federal powers. Senator Martin Van Buren, who had been a prominent supporter of Crawford in the 1824 election, emerged as one of Adams's most powerful opponents, and he named Jackson as his chosen candidate in the 1828 election. Van Buren joined Vice President Calhoun, who also opposed much of Adams's agenda the reason for the rights of the state. Van Buren and other Jackson allies set up numerous newspapers and pro-Jackson clubs across the country, while Jackson avoided the campaign but provided himself for visitors on the Hermitage plantation. In the election, Jackson won 56 percent of popular votes and 68 percent of the vote. The election marks the definitive end of the One-Party Era of Good Feeling, when Jackson's supporters unite into the Democratic Party and Adams's followers are known as the National Republican. In the vast Scottish-Scottish community in the South and Southwest countryside, Jackson is a favorite hero.
The campaign was very personal. As was the custom at the time, no candidates were personally campaigning, but their political followers organized many campaign events. Both candidates are rhetorically attacked in the media. Jackson is heavily attacked as a slave trader, who buys and sells slaves and moves them about deviating from higher standards of slave behavior. A series of pamphlets known as Coffin Handbills were published to attack Jackson, one of which revealed his orders to execute soldiers in New Orleans. Others accuse him of involvement in cannibalism by eating American bodies of American Indians killed in battle, while others label his mother a "common whore" and claim that Jackson's father is a "mulatto man."
Rachel Jackson is also often a target of attacks, and is widely accused of being a bigami, a reference to her controversial marriage situation with Jackson. Jackson campaigners responded by claiming that when he served as Minister for Russia, Adams had bought a young girl to serve as a prostitute for Emperor Alexander I. They also stated that Adams had a pool table at the White House and that he had sued the government for it.
Rachel was under extreme pressure during the election, and often struggled when Jackson left. He began to experience significant physical pressure during the election season. Jackson describes his symptoms as "a tremendous pain in the left shoulder, arm, and breast." After three days of struggling, Rachel died of a heart attack on December 22, 1828, three weeks after her husband's election victory (which began on October 31 and ended on December 2) and 10 weeks before Jackson served as president. A desperate Jackson must be withdrawn from him so that the board can prepare the body. He feels that the accusations from Adams supporters have hastened his death and never forgave him. Rachel is buried at the Hermitage on Christmas Eve. "May God Almighty forgive his murderers," Jackson swears at his funeral. "I never can."
Presidency 1829-1837
Philosophy
Jackson's name has been attributed to Jacksonian democracy or the shift and expansion of democracy with the passage of some political forces of the elite established to ordinary voters based on political parties. "The Age of Jackson" shapes America's national and political agenda. The philosophy of Jackson as president is similar to Jefferson, advocating the Republican values ​​held by the generation of the Revolutionary War. Jackson takes on a moral tone, believing that agrarian sympathy, and a limited view of the rights of the state and the federal government, will result in less corruption. He fears that monastic and business interests will undermine the values ​​of the republic. When South Carolina opposed tariff law, it took a strong line in support of nationalism and against secession.
Jackson believes in people's ability to "come to the right conclusion." They have the right not only to vote, but also to "instruct their agents & representatives." The office holder must obey the popular will or resign. He rejected a strong and independent Supreme Court view with binding decisions, arguing that "Congress, the Executive, and the Courts must be each or herself guided by his own opinion of the Constitution." Jackson thinks that supreme judges should be made to run in elections, and believe in strict constructionism as the best way to ensure democratic governance. He called for a deadline on the president and the abolition of Electoral College. Jackson "is far ahead of his time - and perhaps even further than the country can achieve."
Inauguration
Jackson departed from the Hermitage on January 19 and arrived in Washington on February 11. He then began to select members of his cabinet. Jackson chose Van Buren as expected for the Secretary of State, Eaton Tennessee as Secretary of War, Samuel D. Ingham of Pennsylvania as Treasury Secretary, John Branch of North Carolina as Naval Secretary, John M. Berrien of Georgia as Attorney General, and William T Barry from Kentucky as Postmaster General. Jackson's first cabinet choice proved unsuccessful, full of alignments and gossip. Jackson blamed Adams partly for what was said about Rachel during the campaign, and refused to meet him after arriving in Washington. Therefore, Adams chose not to attend the inauguration.
On March 4, 1829, Andrew Jackson became the first elected president of the United States to take an oath of office in East Portico of the US Capitol. In his inaugural address, Jackson promised to honor sovereign state power and presidential constitutional limits. He also promised to pursue "reform" by removing power from "an unfaithful or incompetent hand." At the end of the ceremony, Jackson invited the public to the White House, where his supporters held a raucous party. Thousands of spectators flooded the White House staff, and minor damage was caused by equipment and furnishings. Jackson populism earned him the nickname "King Mob."
skirt affairs
Jackson devoted considerable time to his presidency during his early years in office responding to what came to be known as the "Petticoat affair" or "Eaton affair." Washington gossip circulated among members of Jackson's cabinet and their wives, including Calhoun's wife Floride Calhoun, about the Eaton War Secretary and his wife Peggy Eaton. The negligent rumor states that Peggy, as a barman in her father's shop, has been sexually indecent or even a prostitute. Controversy also occurs because Peggy has been married soon after her husband's death before, and it is suspected that she and her husband have been involved in the affairs of adultery while her previous husband was alive. The rocket politics arose when the wives of cabinet members, led by Mrs. Calhoun, refused to socialize with the Eatons. Allowing a prostitute in an official family was unthinkable - but Jackson refused to believe the rumor, telling the Cabinet that "She's as gentle as a virgin!" Jackson believed that dishonest people were rumors, who essentially questioned and defamed Jackson himself, in an attempt to expel the Eatons, who dared to tell him who could and did not exist in his cabinet. Jackson was also reminded of the attacks he carried on his wife. These memories increase his dedication to defending Peggy Eaton.
Meanwhile, the cabinet wives insist that the interests and honor of all American women are at stake. They believe that responsible women should not provide sexual assistance to unmarried men. A woman who broke the code was dishonorable and unacceptable. Historian Daniel Walker Howe notes that this is a feminist spirit which in the next decade shapes the women's rights movement. Foreign Minister Martin Van Buren, a widower, has formed a coalition against Calhoun. He can now see his main chance to strike hard; he took the sides of Jackson and Eaton.
In the spring of 1831, Jackson, on the advice of Van Buren, demanded the resignation of all cabinet members except Barry. Van Buren himself resigned to avoid the appearance of bias. In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren to become Minister in England. Calhoun blocked the nomination with a dashing sound against it, claiming the losing candidacy would "... kill [Van Buren], sir, kill dead." He'll never kick, sir, never kick. " Van Buren continued to serve as an important adviser to Jackson and placed on a ticket for vice president in the 1832 election, making him the heir of Jackson. The affairs of Petticoat led to the development of the Kitchen Cabinet. Kitchen Cabinet emerged as an unofficial advisory group for the president. Its existence is partially rooted in Jackson's troubles with his official cabinet, even after the purge.
Indian removal policy
For eight years in his office, Jackson made about 70 agreements with Native Americans in the South and Northwest. The Jackson presidency marks a new era in the India-Anglo American relationship that embarked on India's removal policy. Jackson himself occasionally participated in the process of negotiating agreements with various Indian tribes, although other times he left negotiations to his subordinates. The southern tribes include Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole and Cherokee. The northwest tribes include Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi.
Relations between India and America are increasingly tense and sometimes violent as a result of territorial conflict. The previous president sometimes supported the abolition or attempts to "cultivate" the Indians, but generally let the issue be played on their own with minimal intervention. There has grown a growing political and popular movement to tackle this problem, and out of this policy to relocate certain Indians. Jackson, who was never known as a coward, became an advocate of this relocation policy in what many historians consider the most controversial aspect of his presidency.
In the First Annual Message to Congress, Jackson advocated lands west of the Mississippi River devoted to Indian tribes. On May 26, 1830, Congress passed the Indian Elimination Act, which Jackson signed into law two days later. The law authorizes the president to negotiate an agreement to buy tribal lands in the east in exchange for land far west, beyond the borders of the existing state. The act is specifically related to the Five Civilized Tribes in the South, the requirement is that they can move west or live and obey the laws of the country.
Jackson, Eaton, and General Coffee negotiated with Chickasaw, who quickly agreed to move. Jackson placed Eaton and Coffee in charge of negotiating with Choctaw. Lacking Jackson's skills on negotiations, they often bribe leaders to get their submissions. The tactic worked, and the leaders agreed to move. The abolition of Choctaw occurred in the winter of 1831 and 1832, and was forged with misery and suffering. The Seminole, despite signing the Payne Landing Agreement in 1832, refused to move. In December 1835, the dispute began the Second Seminole War. The war lasted for six years, finally ending in 1842. Creek State Members had signed the Cusseta Treaty in 1832, allowing Creek to sell or defend their land. The conflict then erupted between the remaining creek and the white settlers, which caused the second Creek War. The common complaint among the tribes is that the people who have signed the treaty do not represent the whole tribe.
The state of Georgia became involved in a controversial dispute with Cherokee, culminating in the Supreme Court's decision of 1832 at Worcester v. Georgia . Supreme Court Justice John Marshall, writing for the court, ruled that Georgia could not forbid white people from entering tribal lands, as it had attempted to be carried out with two missionaries who allegedly raised resistance among the tribes. Jackson is often associated with the following response: "John Marshall has made his decision, now let him uphold it." The quote, which apparently shows Jackson's view of the court, was linked to Jackson by Horace Greeley, who was quoted as his deputy, George N. Briggs. Remini argues that Jackson did not say it because, while it "clearly sounds like Jackson... [t] here there is nothing for him to uphold." This is because the habeas corpus warrant was never issued to missionaries. The court also does not require federal marshals to implement the decision, as it has become the standard.
A group of Cherokees led by John Ridge negotiated the New Echota Agreement. Ridge is not a widely recognized leader of Cherokee, and this document was rejected by some as illegal. Another faction, led by John Ross, failed to file a petition to protest the proposed abolition. The Cherokee family widely regarded themselves as independent, and not subject to US or Georgia law. The agreement was enacted by Jackson's successor, Van Buren. Furthermore, as many as 4,000 of the 18,000 Cherokee died on the Trail of Tears in 1838. Over 45,000 American Indians were relocated to the West during the Jackson administration, although some Cherokees walked back after that or migrated to the high Smoky Mountains. The Black Hawk War occurred during Jackson's presidency in 1832 after a group of Indians crossed into the US territory.
Reform, office rotation and spoils system
In an effort to clean up the government of corruption, Jackson launched a presidential inquiry into all the offices and departments of the executive cabinet. He believes that the person appointed should be employed on the basis of achievement and attract many candidates who he/she believes are negligent in handling their money. He asks Congress to reform the embezzlement laws, reduce fraudulent applications for federal pensions, income laws to prevent avoidance of import duties, and legislation to improve government accounting. Jackson's Postmaster General Barry resigned after a Congressional inquiry into the postal service revealed mismanagement of mail services, collusion and favoritism in favorable contract awarding, as well as failure to audit accounts and oversee contract performance. Jackson replaced Barry with Financial Auditor and a prominent Kitchen Cabinet member Amos Kendall, who then undertook the much needed reforms at the Post Office Department.
Jackson repeatedly called for the abolition of the Electoral College by constitutional amendments in its annual message to Congress as president. In his third annual message to Congress, he expressed the view "I have advocated amendments to the Federal Constitution which grant the election of the President and Vice President to the people and restrict service from the first to a term of office.It is so important I consider these changes in our basic law that I can not, in accordance with my sense of duty, ignore to pressure them on the consideration of the new Congress. "
Although he could not implement this goal, Jackson's time at the office did see many other reforms. He supported an action in July 1836 that allowed the widows of Revolutionary War soldiers who met certain criteria to receive their husbands pensions. In 1836, Jackson set up ten hours in the national shipyard.
Jackson enacted the Tenure of Office Act, signed by President Monroe in 1820, which limited the appointed positions and authorized the president to transfer and appoint political party associations. Jackson believes that office rotation is actually a democratic reform that prevents father-to-child succession and keeps civil servants accountable to the will of the people. Jackson states that rotation of appointments in political offices is "a central principle in the republican creed". Jackson notes, "In a country where the office is made solely for the benefit of people, no one has more intrinsic rights than others." Jackson believes that the transfer of political promises will prevent the development of a corrupt bureaucracy. The number of federal occupiers that Jackson abolished was exaggerated by his opponents; Jackson only rotates about 20% of federal holders during his first term, some to neglect duties rather than political goals. Jackson, however, used his presidential powers to reward the faithful Democrats by giving them the promise of a federal office. Jackson's approach included patriotism for the state as a qualification to hold office. After appointing a soldier who had lost his legs fighting on the battlefield to the postmaster, Jackson stated, "[i] he lost his legs fighting for his country, that's... enough for me."
Jackson's theory of office rotation resulted in what would later be called a spoils system. Washington's political reality is sometimes Jackson to make partisan appointments despite his personal reservation. Historians believe Jackson's presidency marks the beginning of an era of decline in public ethics. The supervision of bureaus and departments whose operations are outside Washington (such as the New York Customs House; the Postal Service; the Department of the Navy and the War; and the Indian Affairs Bureau, whose budget has grown enormously in the past two decades) proved to be difficult. Remini claims that since "friendship, politics, and geography are the President's total criteria for appointment, most of his assignments are predicted to be substandard."
Cancellation Crisis
By 1828, Congress had approved the "Abomination Fare", which set rates at historically high levels. The southern planters, who sell their cotton on the world market, strongly oppose this tariff, which they consider support the northern interests. The South now has to pay more for goods that are not locally produced; and other countries will experience greater difficulties with southern cotton. This problem arose during the Jackson presidency, which resulted in Nullification Crisis, where South Carolina threatened disintegration.
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest of 1828, secretly written by Calhoun, confirms that their state has the right to "undo" - declare null-tariff law of 1828. Although Jackson sympathizes with the South in tariff debates, it also supports unions strong workers, with effective power for the central government. Jackson tried to confront Calhoun on this issue, which developed into a fierce competition between the two men. One incident came on 13 April 1830, dinner of Jefferson Day, which involved toast after dinner. Robert Hayne began by baking "Unity of State, and Sovereignty of the State." Jackson then gets up, and in a jarring voice adds "Our federal unity: It must be preserved!" - a clear challenge for Calhoun. Calhoun clarified his position by responding "The Union: In addition to our Liberty, the most precious!"
In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to denounce General Jackson at the time for an invasion of Spanish Florida in 1818 while Calhoun served as Secretary of War. Calhoun and Jackson's relationship worsened. In February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to an inaccurate press report about the feud, Calhoun has published a letter between him and Jackson describing the conflict in the United States Telegraph. Jackson and Calhoun started an angry correspondence that lasted until Jackson stopped him in July. The Telegraph , edited by Duff Green, has previously supported Jackson. After taking the side of Calhoun, Jackson needed a new organ for administration. He sought the help of the longtime supporter Francis Preston Blair, who in November 1830 founded a newspaper known as the Washington Globe, which has since served as the main mouthpiece of the Democratic Party.
Jackson supported the revision of the tariff known as the 1832 Tariff. It was designed to appease reformers by lowering rates. Written by Treasury Secretary Louis McLane, the bill lowers duties from 45% to 27%. In May, Representative John Quincy Adams introduced a slightly revised version of the bill, which Jackson received. It passes Congress on July 9 and signed by the Presid
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments