Psychological resilience is defined as the ability of individuals to successfully overcome adversity. Difficulties and stress can come in the form of family problems or relationships, health problems, or at work and financial worries, among others. Toughness is the ability to bounce back from negative experiences with "competent functions". Resilience is not a rare ability; in reality, it is found in the average individual and can be learned and developed by almost everyone. Resilience is the result of successfully overcoming adversity, rather than personality traits. It is the process of individuation through a structured system with the gradual discovery of personal and unique abilities.
A common misconception is that tough people are free of unhappy emotions or thoughts, and are always happy. Conversely, tough individuals have, over time, developed healthy coping techniques that enable them to effectively and relatively easily navigate around or through crises. In other words, people who show resilience are people with positive optimism and emotionality; they are, in practice, able to effectively fight negative emotions with positive emotions.
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Resilience is generally regarded as a "positive adaptation" after a stressful or detrimental situation. When a person is "bombarded by daily stress, it upsets the balance of their internal and external balance, presents challenges and opportunities." Toughness is an integrated adaptation of the physical, mental and spiritual aspects in a set of "good or bad" states, a coherent sense of self that is capable of sustaining the tasks of normative development that occur at different stages of life. The Institute of Children of the University of Rochester explained that "resilience research is focused on studying those who engage in life with hope and humor despite its devastating loss". It is important to note that endurance not only overcomes a very stressful situation, but also out of the situation with "competent function". Resilience allows one to rise from adversity as a strengthened and more resourceful person.
Maps Psychological resilience
History
The first study on resilience was published in 1973. The study used epidemiology, which is a disease prevalence study, to uncover risks and protective factors that now help define resilience. A year later, the same group of researchers created a tool for viewing systems that support endurance development.
Emmy Werner was one of the earliest scientists to use the term resiliency in the 1970s. He studied a group of children from Kauai, Hawaii. Kauai is very poor and many of the children in this study grew up with alcoholic or mentally ill parents. Many parents also do not work. Werner notes that children who grow in these adverse situations, two-thirds exhibit destructive behavior in their adolescence, such as chronic unemployment, substance abuse, and illegitimate births (in the case of teenage girls). However, one-third of these children do not exhibit destructive behavior. Werner calls the last group 'tenacious'. Thus, tough children and their families are those who, by definition, exhibit features that enable them to be more successful than unsustainable children and families.
Resilience also emerged as a major theoretical and research topic of the study of children with mothers who were diagnosed with schizophrenia in the 1980s. In a 1989 study, the results showed that children with schizophrenic parents may not get a comfortable level of parenting - compared to children with healthy parents - and that such situations often have a detrimental effect on the development of children. child. On the other hand, some children of sick parents develop well and are competent in academic achievement, and therefore lead researchers to make an effort to understand the response to adversity.
Since the onset of research on resistance, researchers have been devoted to finding protective factors that explain people's adaptation to adverse conditions, such as ill-treatment, catastrophic life events, or urban poverty. The focus of empirical work has subsequently shifted to understand the underlying protective process. Researchers are trying to uncover how some factors (eg relationships with family) can contribute to positive outcomes.
Process
In all these examples, endurance is best understood as a process. Often mistakenly assumed to be an individual feature, an idea more often referred to as "resilience". Most research now shows that resilience is the result of individuals who are able to interact with their environment and processes that either improve their well-being or protect them against the effects of extraordinary risk factors. It is important to understand the process or cycle of this resilience. When people are faced with adverse conditions, there are three ways in which they can approach the situation.
- Erupts with anger.
- Interacts with extraordinary negative emotions, numbness, and becomes unable to react.
- Quite annoyed about the annoying changes.
Only the third approach promotes welfare. It is used by resilient people, who get annoyed about disturbing circumstances and thus change their current pattern to solve this problem. The first and second approaches get people to adopt the role of the victim by blaming others and refusing the method of prevention even after the crisis ends. These people prefer to instinctively react, rather than respond to situations. Those who respond to bad conditions by adjusting tend to cope, rise again, and stop the crisis. Negative emotions involve fear, anger, anxiety, distress, helplessness, and despair that degrade a person's ability to solve problems they face and weaken one's endurance. Fears and worries that continue to weaken the human immune system and increase their vulnerability to disease.
These processes include individual handling strategies, or can be aided by protective environments such as good families, schools, communities, and social policies that make resilience more likely. In this sense "resilience" occurs when there is a cumulative "protective factor". These factors tend to play a more important role, the greater the individual's exposure to cumulative risk factors.
Biological model
Three important bases for endurance, self-confidence, self-esteem and self-concept, all have roots in three different nervous systems - respectively, somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system and central nervous system.
The field that appears in the study of endurance is the basic neurobiological resistance to stress. For example, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and 5-Dehydroepiandrosterone (5-DHEA) are thought to limit the stress response by reducing the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and protecting the brain from the potentially harmful effects of chronically elevated cortisol levels. In addition, the relationship between social support and stress resilience is thought to be mediated by the impact of the oxytocin system on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. "Resilience, conceptualized as a positive bio-psychological adaptation, has proven to be a useful theoretical context for understanding variables for predicting long-term health and wellbeing".
There are limited studies that, like trauma, endurance are epigenetic - that is, perhaps inherited - but the science behind these findings is early.
Related factors
Studies show that there are several factors that develop and maintain a person's resilience:
- The ability to create realistic plans and be able to take the necessary steps to follow up with them
- Be confident in one's strength and ability
- Communication skills and troubleshooting
- Ability to manage impulses and strong feelings
Toughness is negatively correlated with the personality traits of neuroticism and negative emotions, representing a tendency to see and react to the world as threatening, problematic, and miserable, and seeing oneself as vulnerable. Positive correlations stand with personality traits of openness and positive emotionality, representing a tendency to engage and confront the world with confidence in the success and fair value of self-directedness.
Positive emotions
There is significant research found in the scientific literature on the relationship between positive emotions and endurance. Studies show that maintaining positive emotions when facing adversity encourages flexibility in thinking and solving problems. Positive emotions are important in their ability to help individuals recover from stressful experiences and encounters. That being said, maintaining positive emotionality helps in counteracting the physiological effects of negative emotions. It also facilitates adaptive coping, builds lasting social resources, and improves personal well-being.
The formation of conscious perceptions and monitoring of one's own socio-emotional factors is regarded as an aspect of positive emotional stability. This is not to say that positive emotions are merely a by-product of endurance, but positive emotional feelings during a stressful experience may have adaptive benefits in the individual coping process. The empirical evidence for this prediction arises from research on tenacious individuals who have a tendency to overcome a strategy that concretely produces positive emotions, such as profitability and cognitive reappraisal, humor, optimism, and goal-focused problems. Individuals who tend to approach problems with this coping method can strengthen their resistance to stress by allocating more access to these positive emotional resources. Social support from caring adults encourages resilience among participants by giving them access to conventional activities.
Positive emotions not only have physical results but also are physiological. Some physiological results caused by humor include increased immune system function and elevated levels of immunoglobulin A saliva, a vital system antibody, which serves as the body's first line of defense in respiratory diseases. In addition, other health outcomes include faster wound recovery rates and lower rates of re-registration to hospitals for the elderly, and reduction of hospitalized patients, among many other benefits. A study is conducted on positive emotions in individuals who are resistant to the nature and extent of cardiovascular recovery as well as the negative emotions felt by these individuals. The results showed that individuals with caterpillar properties experienced positive emotions have accelerated in speed in rebound of cardiovascular activation initially generated by negative emotional arousal, heartbeat and the like.
Grit
Grit refers to perseverance and passion for long-term goals. It is characterized as working diligently against challenges, retaining effort and interest over the years despite negative feedback, difficulties, high ground in the process, or failure. High grit people see achievement as a marathon rather than a direct goal. High grit individuals usually get a higher GPA in school, and make fewer career changes than less savvy individuals.
Grit affects a person's efforts to contribute by acting on an important path. When people value a goal as more valuable, meaningful, or relevant to their self-concept, they are willing to spend more effort when needed. The effect of individual differences in grit yields in different levels of cardiac activity is related to attempts when paired and less sandy individuals perform the same task. Grit is associated with a difference in potential motivation, one path in motivation intensity theory. Grit can also affect individual perceptions of task difficulties.
Grit is highly correlated with the nature of the Five Great consciousness. Although grit and conscientiousness overlap in their aspect of achievement, they differ in emphasis. Grit emphasizes long-term stamina, while awareness focuses on short-term intensity.
Grit varies with education and age. More educated adults tend to be higher in grit than in less educated individuals of the same age. College graduates report a higher grit level than most other education level groups. Grit increases with age when education levels are controlled.
In the achievement of life, grit may be as important as talent. College students in elite universities who score high on grit also earn a higher GPA than their classmates, albeit having a lower SAT score. In a study at West Point military academy, it was found that grit is a more reliable predictor of first summer retention than self-control or a measure of cadet quality. Gritty Competitors at Scripps National Spelling Bee outperformed other competitors who scored lower in grit, at least partly because of the accumulation of practice.
Grit can also serve as a protective factor against suicide. A study at Stanford University found that grit is a predictor of psychological health and wellbeing in hospitals. Paired people have self-control and a regular commitment to goals that allow them to withstand impulses, such as engaging in self-harm. Individuals who have high grit levels also focus on future goals, which can stop them from attempting suicide. It is believed that because grit encourages individuals to create and sustain life goals, these goals provide meaning and purpose in life. However, Grit alone does not seem enough. Only individuals with high gratitude and grit have reduced suicidal desires for long periods of time. Gratitude and grit work together to enhance meaning in life, offering protection against death and thoughts or suicidal plans.
Other factors
A study was conducted among high achieving professionals looking for challenging situations that required resilience. Research has tested 13 high achievers from various professions, all experiencing challenges in the workplace and negative life events during their careers but have also been recognized for their great achievements in their respective fields. Participants were interviewed about daily life at work and their experiences with resilience and development. The study found six major predictors of endurance: positive and proactive personality, experience and learning, sense of control, flexibility and adaptability, balance and perspective, and perceived social support. High achievers are also found to be involved in many activities that are not related to their work such as engaging in hobbies, exercising, and arranging meetings with friends and loved ones.
Several factors are found to alter the negative effects of adverse life situations. Many studies show that the main factor is having a relationship that gives attention and support, creates love and trust, and offers encouragement, both inside and outside the family. Additional factors are also related to resilience, such as the capacity to create realistic plans, have positive self-esteem and self-image, develop communication skills, and the capacity to manage strong feelings and drives.
A temperamental and constitutional disposition is considered a major factor in endurance. This is one of the necessary precursors of endurance along with warmth in family cohesion and the accessibility of prosocial support systems. There are three types of temperamental systems that play a role in endurance, they are appetite system, defense system and attention system.
Other protective factors are related to moderating the negative effects of environmental hazards or stressful situations to direct vulnerable individuals to an optimistic path, such as external social support. More specifically a 1995 study distinguishes three contexts for protective factors:
- personal attributes, including outgoing, bright, and positive self-concepts;
- family, such as having close ties to at least one family member or emotionally stable parent; and
- community, such as receiving support or counsel from colleagues.
Furthermore, a study of the elderly in Zurich, Switzerland, illuminates the role humor plays as a coping mechanism to maintain a happy state in the face of age-related difficulties.
In addition to the above differences in endurance, research has also been devoted to finding individual differences in resilience. Self-esteem, ego control, and ego endurance are related to behavioral adaptation. For example, persecuted children who are comfortable with themselves can process risk situations differently by linking reasons different from the environment they are experiencing and, thus, avoiding generating negative internalized self-perceptions. The ego-control is "the threshold or characteristic of an individual's operations associated with expression or detention" of their impulses, feelings, and desires. The ego-resistance refers to "dynamic capacity, to modify the level of its ego control model, in any direction, as a function of the demand characteristics of the environmental context"
Untreated children who experience multiple risk factors (eg single parent, limited maternal education, or unemployment), exhibit lower self-endurance and intelligence than non-relocated children. Furthermore, maltreated children are more likely than nonmaltreated children to demonstrate disruptive-aggressive, intriguing, and internalized behavioral problems. Finally, resistance to the ego, and positive self-esteem are predictors of competent adaptation of abused children.
Demographic information (eg, gender) and resources (eg, social support) are also used to predict endurance. Checking the adaptation of people after a disaster suggests women are associated with less endurance possibilities than men. Also, less engaged individuals in groups and affinity organizations show lower resilience.
Certain aspects of religion and spirituality can, hypothetically, promote or inhibit certain psychological virtues that increase endurance. Research has not yet established a relationship between spirituality and resilience. According to the 4th edition of Psychology of Religion by Hood et al., "The study of positive psychology is a relatively recent development... there has not been much direct empirical research that specifically sees religious associations and ordinary strength and virtues". In a literature review of the relation between religiosity/spirituality and PTSD, among the significant findings, about half of the studies showed a positive and half-positive relationship showing the size of religiosity/spirituality and resilience. The United States Army has received criticism for promoting spirituality in the new [Comprehensive Soldier Fitness] program as a way to prevent PTSD, due to the lack of conclusive support data.
In military studies it has been found that resistance also depends on group support: unitary and moral unity is the best predictor of combat endurance within a unit or organization. Resilience is highly correlated with peer support and group cohesion. High cohesion units tend to experience lower levels of psychological damage than units with low cohesion and morale. High cohesion and passion enhance adaptive stress reactions.
Build
The American Psychological Association recommends "10 Ways to Build Resilience", namely:
- to maintain good relationships with close family members, friends, and others;
- to avoid seeing a crisis or a tense event as an unbearable problem;
- to accept an irreversible state;
- to develop realistic and moving goals toward them;
- to take decisive action in adverse situations;
- to seek self-discovery opportunities after a struggle with loss;
- to develop confidence;
- to maintain a long-term perspective and to consider stressful events in a broader context;
- to maintain a hopeful outlook, expect good things and visualize what is desirable;
- to keep one's mind and body, exercise regularly, pay attention to his own needs and feelings.
The Besht model of natural endurance building in an ideal family with positive access and support from family and friends, through parenting illustrates four key markers. They:
- realistic instruction
- Effective risk communication
- Positivity and restructuring of demanding situations
- Build self efficacy and hardiness
In this model, self-efficacy is a belief in a person's ability to organize and implement the actions necessary to achieve desired and desirable goals and resilience is a combination of interrelated commitment, control, and challenge attitudes.
A number of self-help approaches to building resilience have been developed, primarily based on the theory and practice of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and rational emotional behavioral therapy (REBT). For example, cognitive-behavioral group intervention, called Penn Resilience Program (PRP), has been shown to foster various aspects of resilience. A meta-analysis of 17 PRP studies showed that the intervention significantly reduced the symptoms of depression over time.
The idea of ​​'building endurance' is still debated with the concept of endurance as a process, since it is used to imply that it is a self-evolvable characteristic. Those who see resilience as a description do well despite difficulties, see 'build endurance' efforts as a method of boosting resilience. Bibliotherapy, positive event tracking, and improved psychosocial protection factors with positive psychological resources are another method of building resilience. In this way, increasing individual resources to overcome or overcome negative aspects of risk or difficulty promoted, or built, resilience.
Contrasting studies have found that strategies for managing and controlling emotions, to improve endurance, allow for better outcomes in the event of a mental illness. While early studies on resilience came from developmental scientists who studied children in high-risk environments, a study of 230 adults diagnosed with depression and anxiety that emphasized the regulation of emotions, suggesting that it contributes to patient resilience. These strategies focus on planning, positive review events, and reducing contemplation to help maintain healthy sustainability. Patients with increased endurance were found to produce better treatment outcomes than patients with a focused non-resilient care plan, providing potential information to support evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions that might better address mental disorders by focusing on aspects of psychological resilience.
Other development programs
The Head Start program is shown to improve endurance. So does Big Brothers Big Sisters Program, Early Intervention Project Abecedarian, and social programs for youth with emotional or behavioral difficulties.
Children on Tuesday, family service organizations that make long-term commitments to individuals who have lost loved ones to 9/11 and terrorism around the world, work to build psychological resilience through programs such as Mentoring and Project COMMON BOND, a development peace and day-to-day leadership initiatives for adolescents, ages 15-20, from around the world who have been directly affected by terrorism.
Military organizations test personnel for functioning ability under stressful situations by deliberately subjecting them to pressure during the training. Students who do not show the required resilience can be screened from the training. Those who can still be given stress training inoculation. This process is repeated when personnel submit requests for increasingly demanding positions, such as special forces.
Children
Resilience in children refers to individuals who perform better than expected, given a history that includes risk or bad experience. Again, it's not the nature or something some kids have. There is no such thing as an 'immune child' who can overcome whatever obstacles or difficulties he faces in life - and in fact, is quite common. Toughness is the product of a number of developmental processes over time, which have enabled children to experience minor exposure to adversity or age-appropriate challenges to develop mastery and continue to grow competently. It gives the children a sense of pride and personal dignity.
Research on 'protective factors', characteristic of children or situations that particularly help children in the context of risk has helped developmental scientists to understand what is most important for tough children. Two of which appear repeatedly in the study of tough children are good cognitive functions (such as cognitive self-regulation and IQ) and positive relationships (especially with competent adults, such as the elderly). Children who have protective factors in their lives tend to be better in some context at risk than children without protective factors in the same context. However, this is not a justification for exposing every child to risk. Children get better when they are not exposed to high risk or difficulty.
Build in classroom
Resilient children in the classroom have been described as working and playing well and holding high expectations, often characterized using constructs such as locus of control, self-worth, self-efficacy, and autonomy. All of these things work together to prevent the debilitating behavior associated with learned helplessness.
Community role
Society plays a major role in fostering resilience. The clearest sign of a cohesive and supportive community is the presence of a social organization that provides healthy human development. Service is unlikely to be used unless there is good communication about them. Repeatedly relocated children do not benefit from these resources, because their opportunities to build resilience, meaningful community participation are eliminated with every relocation.
Family role
Fostering resilience in children requires a caring and stable family environment, holding high expectations for children's behavior and encouraging participation in family life. The toughest children have strong relationships with at least one adult, not always a parent, and these relationships help reduce the risks associated with family disputes. The definition of parental resilience, because the parental capacity to provide a competent and quality care level to children, regardless of risk factors, has proven to be a very important role in children's resilience. Understanding qualified parenting characteristics is critical to the idea of ​​parental endurance. Even if divorce produces stress, the availability of social support from family and community can reduce this stress and produce positive results. Each family that emphasizes the assigned task value, caring for a brother or sister, and contributing part-time work in support of the family helps to cultivate resilience. Resilience studies have traditionally focused on the welfare of children, with limited academic attention paid to factors that can contribute to the survival of parents.
Family in poverty
Numerous studies have shown that some of the practices poor parents use help to promote resilience in families. These include frequent displays of warmth, affection, emotional support; reasonable expectations for children combined with direct discipline, not too hard; routine and family celebrations; and maintenance of common values ​​regarding money and holidays. According to sociologist Christopher B. Doob, "Poor children growing up in tough families have received significant support for working well as they enter the social world - starting in child care programs and later in school."
Oppression
In addition to preventing bullying, it is also important to consider how an emotionally-based (EI) intervention is important in the case that bullying does occur. Improved EI can be an important step in the effort to encourage resilience among victims. When a person faces stress and difficulties, especially recurring ones, their ability to adapt is an important factor in whether they have a more positive or negative outcome.
A 2013 study examined adolescents that described resistance to bullying and found some interesting gender differences, with higher behavioral resilience found among girls and higher emotional resilience found among boys. Apart from these differences, they still involve internal resources and negative emotions either pushing or negatively associated with resistance to their respective bullying and urging to target psychosocial skills as a form of intervention. Emotional intelligence has been illustrated to promote resilience to stress and as mentioned earlier, the ability to manage stress and other negative emotions can be a deterrent from victims occurring to perpetuate aggression. One of the most important factors in endurance is the regulation of emotion itself. Schneider et al. (2013) found that significant emotional perception in facilitating lower negative emotions during stress and Emotional Understanding facilitates resilience and has a positive correlation with positive influence.
Study on specific populations and causal situations
Affected population
Among transgender teenagers
Transgender youths experience various harassment and lack of understanding from people in their environment and better with high resilience to face their lives. A study was conducted on 55 transgendered adolescents who studied their feelings of personal mastery, perceived social support, overcoming emotions and self-esteem. It appears that about 50% of variation in resilience aspects contributes to the problematic problems of teenagers. This means transgendered adolescents with lower endurance are more prone to mental health problems, including symptoms of depression and trauma. Emotional-oriented emotional attitudes are a strong aspect of endurance in determining how depressed the people are.
Among pregnant teenagers and depressive symptoms
Pregnancy among adolescents is considered a complication, because they love educational disorders, present health and a bad future, higher poverty rates, problems for children now and the future, among other negative results.
Researchers from the Ecuador Catholic University of Guayaquil and the Spanish University of Zaragoza (Zaragoza) conducted a comparative study at Enrique C. Sotomayor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital (Guayaquil) assessing the differences in resilience between pregnant teenagers and adults.
A 56.6% of gravids presented a total score of 10 or more CESD-10 indicated depressed mood. Nevertheless, the total CESD-10 score and depressed levels of depression did not differ among the studied groups. However, adolescents exhibit lower toughness reflected by lower total survival scores and higher scores below the median calculated (P & lt; 0.05). Logistic regression analysis was unable to establish risk factors for feelings of depression among the subjects studied; however, having a teenage partner and premature birth associated with a higher risk for lower endurance.
Causal situation
Divorce
Often divorce is seen as something that is detrimental to one's emotional health, but research shows that instilling resilience can benefit all parties involved. The level of endurance a child will experience after their parents are split depending on internal and external variables. Some of these variables include their psychological and physical states and the level of support they receive from their family schools, friends, and friends. The ability to deal with this situation also comes from the age, sex, and temperament of the child. Children will experience a different divorce and thus their ability to resolve divorce will also be different. About 20-25% of children will "show severe emotional and behavioral problems" while they are having a divorce. This percentage is especially higher than 10% of children who show similar problems in married families. Despite having a parent's divorce of about 75-80% of these children will "evolve into well-adjusted adults with no psychological or perennial problems". This suggests that most children have the tools necessary to enable them to demonstrate the resilience needed to overcome their parent's divorce.
The effect of divorce extends beyond the separation of both parents. The remaining conflicts between parents, financial problems, and re-partnering or remarriage of parents can cause lasting stress. Studies conducted by Booth and Amato (2001) have shown that there is no correlation between post-divorce conflicts and the ability of children to adjust to their living conditions. On the other hand, Hetherington (1999) completed research on the same topic and found side effects in children. In terms of family finances, divorce has the potential to reduce the lifestyle of children. Child support is often provided to help cover basic needs such as schooling. If parents' finances are scarce then their children may not be able to participate in extracurricular activities such as sports and music lessons, which can harm their social lives.
Repartnering or remarriage can bring additional levels of conflict and anger into their home environment. One of the reasons that re-partnerships cause additional stress is due to lack of clarity in roles and relationships; children may not know how to react and behave with this new "parent" figure in their lives. In most cases, bringing a new partner/spouse will be the most stressful when done shortly after the divorce. In the past, divorce has been seen as a "single event", but now research shows that divorce includes many changes and challenges. It is not only internal factors that allow resilience, but external factors in the environment are essential for responding to situations and adapting. Certain programs such as the 14-week Child Support Group and the Divorce Children's Intervention Program can help a child cope with changes that occur from divorce.
Natural disaster
Resilience after a natural disaster can be measured in various ways. It can be measured on an individual, a community level, and on a physical level. The first level, the individual level, can be defined as any independent person in society. The second level, the community level, can be defined as everyone inhabiting the affected area. Finally, the physical level can be defined as the infrastructure of the affected locality.
UNESCAP is funding research on how communities show resilience after a natural disaster. They found that, physically, people were tougher if they united and made resilience the whole community's efforts. Social support is key in resilient behavior, and especially the ability to gather resources. In collecting social, natural, and economic resources, they find that communities are more resilient and able to cope with disasters much faster than people with an individualistic mindset.
The World Economic Forum meets in 2014 to discuss resilience after a natural disaster. They conclude that economically healthy countries, and have more individuals with the ability to diversify their livelihoods, will show higher levels of resilience. This has not been studied in depth, but the ideas generated through this forum seem to be fairly consistent with existing research.
Death of family members
Small research has been done on the topic of family resilience in the wake of the death of a family member. Traditionally, the clinical concern for mourning has been focused on individual mourning processes rather than on the family unit as a whole. Resilience is distinguished from the restoration as "the ability to maintain a stable balance" conducive to balance, harmony, and restoration. Families should learn to manage family distortions caused by the deaths of family members, which can be done by reorganizing relationships and changing patterns to adapt to their new situations. Showing resilience behind trauma can successfully traverse the process of death without long-term negative consequences.
One of the healthiest behaviors featured by a formidable family after death is honest and open communication. It facilitates an understanding of the crisis. Sharing experiences about death can encourage immediate and long-term adaptation to the loss of loved ones recently. Empathy is an important component of endurance because it allows mourners to understand other positions, tolerate conflict, and be ready to grapple with differences that may arise. Another important component of endurance is routine maintenance that helps bind families together through regular contact and order. Continuing education and relationships with peers and teachers in schools is an important support for children who are struggling with the death of a family member.
Criticism
Brad Evans and Julian Reid criticize the escalating discourse of endurance and popularity in their book, Tough Life . The authors assert that resilience policy can place the responsibility of disaster management on individuals rather than public coordinated efforts. Tied to the rise of neoliberalism, the theory of climate change, the development of the third world, and other discourses, Evans and Reid argue that promoting resilience draws attention away from government responsibilities and to localized laissez-faire responses.
Another critique of endurance is its definition. Like other psychological phenomena, by defining certain psychological and affective states in certain ways, controversy about meaning will always occur. How endurance terms are defined influences the focus of research; different or inadequate endurance definitions will lead to inconsistent research on the same concept. Research on resilience has become more heterogeneous in yield and size, convincing some researchers to abandon the term altogether because it is associated with all the research results where the results are more positive than expected.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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