Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 - November 7, 1995) is an American anthropologist specializing in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She is the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States.
Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, later as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro, and finally after the second divorce as Ann Dunham . Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham spent his childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas, his teen years at Mercer Island, Washington, and much of his adult life in Hawaii and Indonesia.
Dunham studied at the East-West Center and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, where he earned a bachelor's degree in anthropology (1967), and subsequently received a master of arts (1974) and PhD (1992), also in anthropology. He also attended the University of Washington in Seattle in 1961-1962. Attracted to the craftsmanship, weaving, and role of women in the home industry, Dunham's research focuses on women's work on the island of Java and the blacksmith in Indonesia. To address the problem of poverty in rural villages, he created a microcredit program while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development. Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and he consulted the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Toward the end of his life, he worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, where he helped apply his research to the world's largest microfinance program.
After his son was elected President, renewed interest in Dunham's work: The University of Hawaii held a symposium on his research; an exhibition of Dunham's Indonesian batik collections toured the United States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press publishes "Resistant to Opportunities: Urban Industry in Indonesia", a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation. Janny Scott, an author and former reporter of the New York Times , published a biography of Ann Dunham's life titled A Singular Woman in 2011. The posthumous interest has also led to the creation of the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Hawaii? I in M? Noa, as well as Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, are intended to finance students associated with the East-West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.
In an interview, Barack Obama called his mother "the dominant figure in my formative years... The values ​​he taught me continue to be my test rock when it comes to how I go about the political world."
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Stanley Ann Dunham was born on November 29, 1942 at Saint Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas, the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armor Dunham. He is an English ancestor, with several German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is his sixth cousin, five times removed. Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother is a descendant of African John Punch, which is a slave/slave required in colonial Virginia in the 17th century.
His parents were born in Kansas and met in Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940. After the Pearl Harbor attack, his father joined the US Army and his mother worked at a Boeing plant in Wichita. According to Dunham, he was named after his father because he wanted a son, although his relatives doubted this story and his mother's uncle recalled that his mother was named Dunham after the character of his favorite actress Bette Davis in the movie In This Our Life. because she thought Stanley, as a woman's name, sounded sophisticated. As a child and a teenager he is known as Stanley. Other kids tease her about her name but she uses it through high school, "apologizing for that every time she introduces herself in a new city". By the time Dunham started college, he was known by his middle name, Ann, instead. After World War II, the Dunhams moved from Wichita to California while his father attended the University of California, Berkeley. In 1948, they moved to Ponca City, Oklahoma, and from there to Vernon, Texas, and then to El Dorado, Kansas. In 1955, the family moved to Seattle, Washington, where his father was hired as a furniture seller and his mother worked as a bank vice president. They live in an apartment complex in the neighborhood of Wedgwood where she attends Nathan Eckstein Junior High School.
In 1956, the Dunhams moved to Mercer Island, a suburb of Eastside in Seattle. Dunham's parents want their 13-year-old daughter to attend the recently opened Mercer Island High School. In school, teachers Val Foubert and Jim Wichterman teach the importance of challenging social norms and questioning the authority of young Dunham, and he takes the lesson to heart: "He feels he does not need to date or marry or have children." One of his classmates remembered him as "intellectually much more mature than us and a little faster than his time, off-center", and a high school friend described him as a knowledgeable and progressive person: "If you're worried about something going wrong in world, Stanley will know first.we are liberals before we know what liberals are. "Others call him" real feminist. "
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Family and wedding life
On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th nation to be accepted at the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in a new country, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and his family moved to Honolulu. Dunham immediately enrolled at the University of Hawaii at M? Noa.
First marriage
While attending a Russian class, Dunham met Barack Obama Sr., the first African student at the school. At the age of 23 years, Obama Sr. has come to Hawaii to continue his education, leaving a pregnant wife and baby boy in his hometown Nyang'oma Kogelo in Kenya. Dunham and Obama Sr were married on the Hawaiian island of Maui on February 2, 1961, despite opposition from parents of both families. Dunham is three months pregnant. Obama Sr. eventually telling Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claiming that he has divorced. Years later, he'll find this wrong. Obama's first wife Sr., Kezia, later said she had given her consent for her marrying a second wife, according to Luo's custom.
On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave birth to his first child, Barack Obama II. Friends in Washington state remembered his visit with his month-old baby in 1961. He took classes at the University of Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood in Seattle with his son while her husband continued her studies in Hawaii. When Obama Sr. graduated from the University of Hawaii in June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City, but rejected him, preferring to attend the more prestigious Harvard University. He left for Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he would begin graduate studies at Harvard in the fall of 1962. Dunham returned to Honolulu and continued his undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with a spring semester in January 1963. During this time, his parents helped him raise Obama young. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama did not enter the contest. In December 1964, Obama Sr. married Ruth Baker, an American Jew of Lithuanian descent; they were separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973 after having two sons. In 1965, Obama Sr. received a MA in economics from Harvard. In 1971, he came to Hawaii for a month and visited his son, Barack, then 10 years old; it was the last time he saw his son, and their only major personal interaction. In 1982, Obama Sr. was killed in a car accident.
Second marriage
At the East-West Center, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, a Java surveyor who came to Honolulu in September 1962 with the help of East-West Center to study geography at the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with an MA in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham married in Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to Indonesia. Dunham graduated from University of Hawaii with B.A. in anthropology on 6 August 1967, and moved in October of the same year his six-year-old son to Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin her husband.
In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-cost topographic surveyor for the Indonesian government, and then at the Union Oil Company's government relations office. The family first settled at 16 Kyai Haji Ramli Central Street in a newly built neighborhood in the administrative village of Menteng Dalam Tebet district in South Jakarta for two and a half years, with his son attending the Indonesian language near St. Francis of Assisi (St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1, 2, and part of grade 3, then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Amir Hamzah Street Park in Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the administrative village of Pegangsaan sub-district of Menteng in Central Jakarta, with her son attending a government-run Besuki School half a mile to the east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of Menteng sub-district for part of grade 3 and for grade 4. On August 15, 1970, Soetoro and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.
In Indonesia, Dunham enriched his son's education with correspondence courses in English, Mahalia Jackson recording, and a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. In 1971, he sent a young Obama back to Hawaii to attend Punahou School starting in grade 5 rather than having him live in Indonesia with him. The work of Madelyn Dunham at the Bank of Hawaii, where she had worked for more than a decade of scribes to become one of her first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay steep tuition fees, with the help of a scholarship.
A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and his daughter returned to Hawaii to rejoin her son and began graduate studies in anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was supported by an Asia Foundation grant from August 1972 to July 1973 and by a grant from the East-West Institute of Technology and Development from August 1973 to December 1978.
Dunham finished college at the University of Hawaii for M.A. in anthropology in December 1974, and after spending three years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by his daughter Maya, returned to Indonesia in 1975 to undertake anthropological field work. His son chose not to come with them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at the Punahou School in Honolulu while living with his grandparents. Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and has two children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and his daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, aged 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver failure.
Dunham is not alienated from his ex-husband and encourages his children to feel connected with their father.
Professional life
From January 1968 to December 1969 Dunham taught English and served as an assistant director of the American Indonesia Friendship Institute (LIA) - the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku Umar Street in the administrative village of Gondangdia in Menteng sub-district, Central Jakarta - subsidized by the United States government. From January 1970 to August 1972, Dunham taught English and became head of the department and director of the Institute for Management Education and Development (LPPM) - Institute of Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Roads in the village administration of Kebon Sirih in Menteng sub-district in Central Jakarta.
From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was one of the founders and active members of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at the National Museum in Jakarta. From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was a craft instructor (in weaving, batik and dye) at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.
Dunham then has a career in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor and working with leaders from organizations that support Indonesia's human rights, women's rights, and grassroots development.
In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of agriculture economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short course at the Faculty of Economics, University of Indonesia (FEUI) in Jakarta for BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency) staff member - Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.
From June 1977 to September 1978, Dunham undertook research on rural industries in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY) - Yogyakarta Special Territory in Central Java in Indonesia under a grant of students from the East-West Center. As a weaver himself, Dunham was interested in the village industry, and moved to Yogyakarta, the center of Javanese handicrafts.
In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term consultant at the International Labor Organization (ILO) office in Jakarta, writing recommendations on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Government of Indonesia's five-year development plan (REPELITA I AM I AM).
From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a rural industrial consultant in Central Java at the Provincial Development Program of the Indonesian Ministry of Industry (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).
From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was a women's program officer and employee of the Southeast Asia Regional Office of the Ford Foundation in Jakarta. While at the Ford Foundation, he developed a microfinance model that is now standard in Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in the microcredit system. Peter Geithner, father of Tim Geithner (then US Treasury Secretary in his son's government), was the head of the Asia Foundation's grantmaker at the time.
From May to November 1986 and from August to November 1987, Dunham is a home industry development consultant for the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) under the Gujranwala Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP). The credit component of the project is implemented in the Gujranwala district of Pakistan's Punjab province with funding from the Asian Development Bank and IFAD, with a credit component implemented through Louis Berger International, Inc. Dunham worked closely with the Lahore office in Punjab. Small Industries Corporation (PSIC).
From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham is a consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) in Jakarta, with work funded by USAID and the World Bank. In March 1993, Dunham was the research and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB) in New York. He helped WWB administer the Expert Group Meeting for Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and helped WWB take an important role in the UN Fourth World Conference on Women held on 4-15 September 1995 in Beijing, and at the UN regional conference. and the NGO forum that preceded it.
On August 9, 1992, he was awarded a PhD in anthropology from the University of Hawaii, under Prof.'s supervision. Alice G. Dewey, with a 1,043-page dissertation entitled Blackwood farmers in Indonesia: survive and thrive with all odds. Anthropologist Michael Dove describes his dissertation as "a classical, in-depth, anthropological study of a 1,200-year-old industry". According to Dove, Dunham's dissertation challenges popular perceptions of economically and politically marginalized groups, and denies the notion that the root of poverty lies with the poor itself and cultural differences are responsible for the gap between the less industrialized and industrializedized westernized states. According to Dove, Dunham
found that the villagers he studied in Central Java had many of the same economic, trust and aspirational needs as the greatest Western capitalists. The village craftsmen "are very interested in profit", he writes, and entrepreneurship "in supply in rural Indonesia", have "become part of traditional culture" there for a millennium.
Based on this observation, Dr. Soetoro concludes that the underdevelopment in these communities is caused by a scarcity of capital, an allocation that is a political issue, not a culture. Anti-poverty programs that ignore this reality have the potential, strangely, exacerbating inequality as they will only strengthen the power of the elites. As he writes in his dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently encourage stratification by channeling resources through village officials", who then use the money to strengthen their own status further.
Disease and death
In late 1994, Dunham lived and worked in Indonesia. One night, at dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, he had a stomachache. A visit to a local doctor leads to an early diagnosis of indigestion. Dunham returned to the United States in early 1995 and was examined at the Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center in New York City and was diagnosed with uterine cancer. At this time, the cancer has spread to its ovaries. She moved back to Hawaii to live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days after her 53rd birthday. After the funeral ceremony at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the southern side of Oahu. Obama spread the ashes of his grandmother Madelyn Dunham in the same spot on December 23, 2008, a few weeks after being elected president.
Obama talks about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign ad ("Mom") is arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photo of Dunham holding young Obama in his arms when Obama talks about his final days worrying about expensive medical bills. This topic also appeared in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:
I remember my mother. He was 52 years old when he died of ovarian cancer, and you know what he thinks in the last months of his life? He did not think to recover. He did not think to accept his own death. She has been diagnosed as she transitions between jobs. And he is not sure whether insurance will cover medical expenses because they may consider this a pre-existing condition. I remember only because of a broken heart, see the struggle through documents and medical bills and insurance forms. So I've seen what it's like when someone you love suffers from a broken health care system. And that's wrong. Not who we are as people.
The health insurance provided by Dunham's employer covers most of his medical care costs, leaving it to pay a deductible and unassessable fee, which amounts to several hundred dollars per month. Disability insurance provided by the employer refutes his claim for an undisclosed fee because the insurance company says that the cancer is a pre-existing condition.
Interests posthumous
In September 2008, the University of Hawaii at M? Noa held a symposium about Dunham. In December 2009, Duke University Press published a version of Dunham's dissertation entitled Enduring Opportunities: Urban Industries in Indonesia. This book was revised and edited by Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey, and Nancy I Cooper. His son Dunham, Maya Soetoro-Ng, wrote the preface to the book. In his closing remark, Boston University anthropologist Robert W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and his heritage as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and scholarship involved". The book was launched at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Philadelphia in 2009 with a special Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; The 2009 meeting was recorded by C-SPAN.
In 2009, an exhibition of Javanese batik textiles belonging to Dunham ( Discovering a Culture in Her Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and Indonesian Batiks ) visited six museums in the United States, completing a tour at the Washington, DC, Textile Museum on August. Early in his life, Dunham explored his interest in textile art as a weaver, creating wall hangings for his own pleasure. After moving to Indonesia, he was interested in the striking textile art of batik and began collecting different fabrics.
In December 2010 Dunham was awarded Bintang Jasa Utama, the highest civilian award in Indonesia; Star Services are awarded on three levels, and presented to individuals who have made outstanding citizenship and cultural contributions.
Dunham's long biography by former reporter New York Times Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman , was published in 2011.
The University of Hawaii Foundation has established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports the faculty position at the Department of Anthropology at the University of Hawaii? I in M? Noa, and Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate Fellowships, provide funding for students associated with the East-West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.
In 2010, Stanley Ann Dunham Scholarship was established for young women graduating from Mercer Island High School, Ann's alma mater. In the first six years, the scholarship fund has provided eleven college scholarships.
On January 1, 2012, President Obama and family visited the exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the East-West Center.
The long film biography of Vivian Norris film entitled Ann Dunham titled Obama Mama (La mÃÆ'¨re d'Obama-French title) aired on May 31, 2014 as part of the 40th Seattle International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer Island.
Personal confidence
In his 1995 Memoirs of Dreams from My Father, Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's belief in the eldest values ​​depended on the belief I did not have... In [Indonesia] land where fatalism still needed a tool for overcome difficulties... he is a lonely witness to secular humanism, a soldier for the New Deal, Peace Corps, paper-position liberalism. "In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama wrote," I was not raised in the religious household... My own mother's experience... only strengthens this hereditary skepticism. His memories of a Christian living in his youth are unpleasant... But for all the secularism he admits, my mother is in many ways the most spiritually awakened person I have ever known. "Religion for him is" just one of many ways - and not necessarily the best way - the man is trying to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truth about our lives, "Obama wrote:
He feels that somehow, wandering around uncharted territory, we may stumble upon something that will, in an instant, seem to represent who we are at the core. It is the philosophy of his life - not limited by a narrow fear or definition, not to build walls around ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected places. --Maya Soetoro-Ng
Dunham's best friend in high school, Maxine Box, says that Dunham "calls himself an atheist, and that is something he reads and can argue with, he's always challenging and arguing and comparing.He's been thinking about what's left of us. "On the other hand, Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked later if her mother was an atheist, said," I would not call him an atheist, he is an agnostic, he basically gives us all good books- Bible, Hindu Upanishad and Buddhist scriptures, Tao Te Ching - and want us to realize that everyone has something wonderful to contribute. "" Jesus, he feels, is an example but he felt that many Christians behave in a way that is not Christian. "
In his 2007 address, Obama compared his mother's beliefs with his parents, and commented on his spirituality and skepticism: "My mother, whose parents are Baptists and Methodists who are not married, is one of the most familiar spiritual souls. healthy skepticism about religion as an institution. "
Obama also describes his own beliefs in relation to his mother's and father's religious education:
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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